📘 Chapter 1: The French Revolution – Summary 🔰 Introduction: The French Revolution began in 1789 and is one of the most significant events in world history. It marked the end of monarchy in France and led to the rise of democracy and modern political ideas such as liberty, equality, and fraternity . 🏰 France Before the Revolution: Absolute Monarchy: King Louis XVI ruled France with complete power. He believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Social Structure (Three Estates): First Estate: Clergy – privileged and exempt from taxes. Second Estate: Nobility – also exempt from taxes and held top positions. Third Estate: Common people (peasants, workers, merchants) – paid all taxes and had no political rights. Economic Crisis: France was in heavy debt due to wars (especially helping the American Revolution). Poor harvests and rising food prices led to famine and anger among the poor. Tax burden was unfairly placed on the Third Estate. Ideas of Enlightenmen...
The relationship between India and China , two of Asia’s largest and most influential nations, has long been shaped by a mix of strategic competition, economic interdependence , and border tensions . Below is an analytical breakdown of the key contentious issues between the two countries and suggestions for resolution aimed at enhancing cooperation. 🧱 Key Contentious Issues between India and China 1. Border Disputes Line of Actual Control (LAC) remains undefined, leading to frequent standoffs. Key flashpoints: Aksai Chin (claimed by India, controlled by China) and Arunachal Pradesh (claimed by China). Notable incidents: 1962 War Doklam Standoff (2017) Galwan Valley clash (2020) – resulted in deaths on both sides. 2. Strategic Rivalry in South Asia China’s growing influence in Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Maldives threatens India's regional clout. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir , which India strongly ...