Political Science Notes By ARVIND SINGH

NCERT Class 9th Economics   Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge (Enhanced Notes) 1. What is Poverty? Poverty means not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, clean water, education, and healthcare. It’s more than just a lack of money—it affects a person’s quality of life and opportunities. Example : A family that cannot afford two meals a day, lives in a makeshift shelter, and has no access to proper medical care is considered poor. Poverty traps people in a cycle where they struggle to improve their situation due to limited resources and opportunities. 2. How Many People Are Poor? In India, approximately one in five people (around 20%) live below the poverty line, though this number has decreased over time. Global Context: Earlier, India had the highest number of extremely poor people. By 2018, Nigeria surpassed India in terms of extreme poverty, as India’s poverty reduction efforts showed progress. According to the World Bank (2020), ...

 Chapter 2: People as Resource 1. Classification of Activities Human beings perform various activities which can be divided into two categories— (A) Economic Activities Activities through which income/money is earned. Examples: Farmers, laborers, shopkeepers, doctors, lawyers, taxi drivers, manufacturers, etc. (B) Non-Economic Activities Activities that do not provide any economic benefit and are done only for social/personal reasons. Examples: Household work, helping the poor, voluntary service, etc. 2. Types of Economic Activities Market Activities Work done in exchange for payment/profit. Example: Growing crops and selling them in the market. Non-Market Activities Work done for self-consumption or for creating permanent assets. Example: Kitchen garden, production for family use. 3. Human Capital Definition : Human capital is the knowledge, skills, and productive capacity inherent in people. When investment is made in education, training, and he...

📘 Economics – Question Bank Class IX (Chapter – 1 & 2) Chapter – 1 : The Story of Village Palampur A. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark) i. The Green Revolution in India began – (a) 1940s (b) 1950s (c) 1960s (d) 1970s ii. Which one of the following is an agricultural activity – (a) Shopkeeping (b) Transport (c) Small scale manufacturing (d) Growing crops iii. Which of the following is fixed capital – (a) Machine (b) Computer (c) Land (d) All of the above iv. Which comes as a factor of production – (a) Labor (b) Tools (c) Dairy (d) Computer v. The first requirement of production activity is – (a) Land (b) Physical capital (c) Human capital (d) Labor vi. Karim opened a center in the village – (a) Computer (b) Sewing (c) Beauty Parlor (d) Jaggery shop vii. The number of high schools in Palampur village is – (a) One (b) Four (c) Two (d) Three B. Fill in the blanks (1 Mark) i. The maximum use of chemical fertilizers in India is done in ___________ state. ii. The ...