Political Science Notes By ARVIND SINGH

   The Preamble of the Indian Constitution serves as an introduction to the Constitution and reflects its fundamental principles and philosophy. It is based on the Objectives Resolution proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946 and was later adopted with modifications. The Preamble declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic nation and outlines the core values of Justice (social, economic, and political), Liberty (of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity (assuring individual dignity and national unity). It also affirms that the ultimate power in India lies with "We, the People of India," signifying that the Constitution derives its authority from the citizens. The Supreme Court has recognized the Preamble as an integral part of the Constitution's basic structure, meaning it cannot be altered in a way that changes its core principles. Scholars often refer to it as the soul of the...

 The Indian Constitution is a unique document that incorporates provisions from various global sources. It is inspired by several constitutions worldwide, integrating key governance elements suited to India's diverse and complex socio-political structure. Sources of the Indian Constitution The various provisions included in the Indian Constitution have been adopted from different sources. Their details are as follows: 1. Government of India Act, 1935 A major portion of the Indian Constitution has been adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935. Out of the 395 articles in the Constitution, around 200 articles have been taken directly or with slight modifications from this Act. The key provisions borrowed from this Act include the federal system of governance, the office of the Governor, and the three lists (Union List, State List, and Concurrent List). 2. British Constitution India was governed for over 150 years under laws enacted by the British Parliament. Hence, it was natura...

 Here are complete notes based on Chapter 9, "Constitution as a Living Document"  This chapter explores how the Indian Constitution has evolved over the past 74 years, maintaining its fundamental principles while adapting to changing social, political, and legal needs. It explains how constitutional amendments ensure flexibility, while the Basic Structure Doctrine prevents fundamental alterations to the Constitution’s core values. The chapter discusses different amendment procedures under Article 368, including simple majority, special majority, and state ratification. It highlights key historical amendments, such as the 42nd amendment during the Emergency (1976) and later corrective amendments like the 44th amendment (1978). It also examines the role of the Judiciary in shaping the Constitution through landmark rulings such as the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), which introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine, ensuring that essential democratic principles remain protected. Fu...

Here are the complete notes based on 11th Political Science Chapter 10 : The Philosophy of the Indian Constitution. The chapter The Philosophy of the Constitution explores the underlying values and principles of the Indian Constitution. It highlights how the Constitution is not just a legal framework but a vision for a just and democratic society. The chapter examines the relationship between laws and moral values, emphasizing the need to understand the Constitution through a political philosophy approach that considers fundamental concepts like rights, democracy, and justice. The Constitution was designed as a tool for democratic transformation, limiting state power while promoting social justice and equality. It upholds individual freedom, ensures minority rights, and adopts a secular approach that balances religious freedom with state intervention when necessary. It also promotes universal franchise and asymmetric federalism, allowing special provisions for different states and comm...

Liberty or Freedom   The word liberty is derived from the latin word Libertatem which means " condition of a free man.   While Freedom come from the English word freedom which means state of free will .  Definitions of Liberty According to Hobbes . Liberty ( freedom ) means absence of restraints .   According to seeley_ " Liberty ( freedom ) is the opposite of government .   According to Laski- " Liberty ( freedom ) is the absence of restraint upon the existence of those social conditions which are necessary for individual happiness .   Now we can understand the strength and passion of the idea of freedom by analyzing the auto - biography of two eminent personalities who fought for achieving freedom .  Nelson Mandela - His auto - biography is "Long Walk to Freedom " The content of this book is the history of the fight made by Mandela against the apartheid in South Africa ...

Rights   Meaning of Rights - Rights are demands made by individuals, accepted by society and enforced by the state.  → Without getting acceptance in the society, demand cannot take the form of rights .  Certain activities which can not be Considered as rights  Those activities which are harmful to the health and welfare of the society .  -such as smoking  -consumption of intoxicating or prohibited drugs. → Universal Declaration of human Rights   => Citizens of all the countries of the world have not got full rights yet . In this direction on 10th December 1948 the General Assembly of United Nations adopted & implemented the Universal Declaration of human Rights .   → Human Right Day - 10 December ( every year )   Why rights necessary - For the freedom of the person & protection of his / her dignity .  => To run a democratic government smoothly.  => To develop the talent & ability of the person. =>For the ove...

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