📘 Chapter 1: The French Revolution – Summary 🔰 Introduction: The French Revolution began in 1789 and is one of the most significant events in world history. It marked the end of monarchy in France and led to the rise of democracy and modern political ideas such as liberty, equality, and fraternity . 🏰 France Before the Revolution: Absolute Monarchy: King Louis XVI ruled France with complete power. He believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Social Structure (Three Estates): First Estate: Clergy – privileged and exempt from taxes. Second Estate: Nobility – also exempt from taxes and held top positions. Third Estate: Common people (peasants, workers, merchants) – paid all taxes and had no political rights. Economic Crisis: France was in heavy debt due to wars (especially helping the American Revolution). Poor harvests and rising food prices led to famine and anger among the poor. Tax burden was unfairly placed on the Third Estate. Ideas of Enlightenmen...
( Class 6, Social and Political Life) Chapter 3: What is Government? Introduction The government is an institution that makes decisions, creates laws, and implements them in a country, state, or region. The main objective of the government is to maintain order, ensure security, and provide essential services to its citizens. Definition and Role of Government The government plays a crucial role in formulating and enforcing policies. It is responsible for national development, security, and the welfare of its people. Functions of Government The government performs various functions, such as: 1. Infrastructure Development – Building roads, schools, hospitals, and transportation services. 2. Economic Control – Regulating the prices of essential goods. 3. Law and Order – Preventing crime and ensuring justice through police and courts. 4. Social Welfare – Implementing schemes for the poor and creating employment opportunities. 5. Defense and Security – Protecting the country’s bo...