📘 Part A: Contemporary World Politics (समकालीन विश्व राजनीति) The Cold War Era (शीत युद्ध का दौर) The End of Bipolarity (द्विध्रुवीयता का अंत) US Hegemony in World Politics ( विश्व राजनीति में अमेरिकी वर्चस्व ) Alternative Centres of Power ( शक्ति के वैकल्पिक केंद्र ) Contemporary South Asia ( समकालीन दक्षिण एशिया ) International Organizations ( अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन ) Security in the Contemporary World ( समकालीन विश्व में सुरक्षा ) Environment and Natural Resources ( पर्यावरण और प्राकृतिक संसाधन ) Globalisation ( वैश्वीकरण ) 📘 Part B: Politics in India Since Independence (स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत में राजनीति) Challenges of Nation-Building (राष्ट्र निर्माण की चुनौतियाँ) Era of One-Party Dominance (एक-दलीय प्रभुत्व का युग) Politics of Planned Development (नियोजित विकास की राजनीति) India’s External Relations (भारत के विदेश संबंध) Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System ( कांग्रेस प्रणाली की चुनौतियाँ और पुनर्स्थापना ) The Crisis of Democratic...
NCERT Class 9th Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge (Enhanced Notes) 1. What is Poverty? Poverty means not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, clean water, education, and healthcare. It’s more than just a lack of money—it affects a person’s quality of life and opportunities. Example : A family that cannot afford two meals a day, lives in a makeshift shelter, and has no access to proper medical care is considered poor. Poverty traps people in a cycle where they struggle to improve their situation due to limited resources and opportunities. 2. How Many People Are Poor? In India, approximately one in five people (around 20%) live below the poverty line, though this number has decreased over time. Global Context: Earlier, India had the highest number of extremely poor people. By 2018, Nigeria surpassed India in terms of extreme poverty, as India’s poverty reduction efforts showed progress. According to the World Bank (2020), ...