📘 Part A: Contemporary World Politics (समकालीन विश्व राजनीति) The Cold War Era (शीत युद्ध का दौर) The End of Bipolarity (द्विध्रुवीयता का अंत) US Hegemony in World Politics ( विश्व राजनीति में अमेरिकी वर्चस्व ) Alternative Centres of Power ( शक्ति के वैकल्पिक केंद्र ) Contemporary South Asia ( समकालीन दक्षिण एशिया ) International Organizations ( अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन ) Security in the Contemporary World ( समकालीन विश्व में सुरक्षा ) Environment and Natural Resources ( पर्यावरण और प्राकृतिक संसाधन ) Globalisation ( वैश्वीकरण ) 📘 Part B: Politics in India Since Independence (स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत में राजनीति) Challenges of Nation-Building (राष्ट्र निर्माण की चुनौतियाँ) Era of One-Party Dominance (एक-दलीय प्रभुत्व का युग) Politics of Planned Development (नियोजित विकास की राजनीति) India’s External Relations (भारत के विदेश संबंध) Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System ( कांग्रेस प्रणाली की चुनौतियाँ और पुनर्स्थापना ) The Crisis of Democratic...
Equality
The term equality means all human beings have equal right without regarding their colour, gender , race , language or nationality.
Here special preference should be abolished.
Absolute Equality - It is an impossible concept because all men are physically and mentally unequal . Everyone's attitude , behaviours & capabilities are different to each other .
Equality of opportunity - It means that every human beings have the same right and opportunities to develop their skills and talents & to attain their goals & ambitions .
Natural Inequalities - these are the inequalities that individuals get from their birth.
-By nature people may have different capabilities & talents .
They are not creations of the society .
Social inequalities - they are creations of the society. They emerge from the denial of equality to certain groups and also from the exploitation of some groups by others.
Three Dimensions of Equality .
1-Political Equality . It means granting citizenship to all the members of the state . They have equal right to vote , right to contest election , right to criticize the government ,
2-Economic Equality - It means equitable enjoyment of economic resources by all individual of the state .
For Exp - Equal pay for equal work , right to work.
3-Social Equality - It means to ensure equal status for everyone in the society .
- It removes special privileges given to any particular individual or individuals on the basis of caste, religion ,rase, colour or wealth.
Feminism - It is a political theory which is formed to the equal right for men & women . *According to feminist they believe that this gender partiality is made by the society and
*It is neither natural nor necessary .
How can we promote Equality?
We can achieve equality through three different ways.
1-Establishing formal equality
-We can achieve equality by ending the formal system of inequality & privileges .
- most of the moderns constitutions contains provisions against discrimination on the grounds of place of birth,religion, race, caste or gender .
2- Equality through different Treatment . - It is necessary to treat people differently in order to ensure that they can enjoy equal rights .
-weaker sections need special consideration to overcome inequalities .
For exp - Reservation policy in India .
3- Affirmative action → Inequalities are some times deeply rooted in our system . Therefor to minimise and eliminated all such social evils, It is necessary to have some positive measure .
- Most of the affirmative activities are aimed . to correcting the cumulative effect of past inequalities.
- Provide facilities for disadvantaged communities .
- Scholarship of hostel facilities for backward class .
- Provide reservation in the educational institu sions .
Positive Discrimination or Protective Discrimination . - Positive discrimination considers that all descriminations are not wrong. It is also against the concept of absolute equality .
According to this concept , the government can adopt several measures to uplift and protect the weaker sections of the society who are so cially & economically backward . It is known as protective discrimination or positive discrimination .
= > Socialism - It is a political ideology which is trying to minimise existing inequality and to distribute resource equally .
Socialist thinker Ram Manohar Lohia identified 5 types of inequality in society .
1 - inequality between men & women .
2 - Inequality based on skin colour .
3 - caste based inequality .
4 - colonialism .
5 - Economic inequality .
→ Marx's concept of Equality - Karl Marx a renowned thinker of the 19th century
- Karl Marx argued that the root cause of inequality was private ownership of economic resources.
- Private ownership make the owners wealthy and politically powerful .
- Marx advocated that public control over property is essential to tackle all types of inequality in the society .
=>The Liberal view Point of Equality - The liberals present a concept of equality . which is opposite to the Marxian concept .
- The Liberals believe that the state should try to ensure a minimum standard of living of equal opportunities of all .
- People should get equal opportunities in all spheres of life .
_________________________________
Comments
Post a Comment