Political Science Notes By ARVIND SINGH

  📘 History Question Bank India and the Contemporary World – Part I Chapter – 1 : The French Revolution 1. Multiple Choice Questions (01 Mark each) i. Louis 16 was the king of which dynasty? (a) Romanov (b) Windsor (c) Bourbon (d) Hapsburg ii. When did the French Revolution begin? (a) 1780 AD (b) 1890 AD (c) 1789 AD (d) 1960 AD iii. What was the tithe in France? (a) Church tax (b) Direct tax (c) Indirect tax (d) Customs tax iv. When did women in France get the right to vote? (a) 1946 AD (b) 1935 AD (c) 1950 AD (d) 1952 AD v. Who was the leader of Jacobin Club? (a) Locke (b) Thomas Paine (c) Robespierre (d) Rousseau vi. Which are the French national colors? (a) Blue-Green-Red (b) Yellow-Green-Red (c) White-Blue-Yellow (d) Blue-White-Red vii. Why did Louis 16 call a meeting of the Estates General on May 5, 1789? (a) To impose new taxes (b) To remove taxes (c) To punish the nobles (d) To reward the philosophers viii. Which principle is not of the French Revolu...

Class 9 – History:  Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Introduction If there’s one ideology and event that changed the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, it’s Socialism and its real-world expression — the Russian Revolution. This was not just about replacing one ruler with another. It was a powerful story of exploitation under industrial capitalism, the rise of organised workers and peasants, and the creation of a new socio-economic order. The Russian Revolution sent a strong message — when people unite under a clear vision, they can transform history. --- 1. Historical Background French Revolution (1789) brought the ideals of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, inspiring political change across Europe. Industrial Revolution (18th–19th centuries) increased production but worsened working-class life. Growing gap: Bourgeoisie (rich capitalists) vs Proletariat (working class). Birth of Socialism: Advocated collective ownership of production to ensure equality. --- 2. Politi...

French Revolution: A Comprehensive Overview – Causes, Roles, and Impact The French Revolution (1789–1799) was an event in world history that not only transformed France but also introduced the entire world to the principles of democracy, equality, liberty, and fraternity . This revolution was not just a political uprising; it was the culmination of deep social, economic, and ideological discontent. In the late 18th century, France’s absolute monarchy , social inequality , economic crisis , and the Enlightenment ideas together sparked an explosion that successfully uprooted a centuries-old system. In this article, we will explore in detail the political, social, and economic causes of the revolution, the role of the middle class and philosophers, as well as the immediate triggers. To make it exam-oriented, bullet points, keywords, and facts-to-remember have been added, making it useful for UPSC, SSC, or school exams . Political Causes: From Absolutism to a Popular Revolution The ...

📘 Chapter 1: The French Revolution – Summary 🔰 Introduction: The French Revolution began in 1789 and is one of the most significant events in world history. It marked the end of monarchy in France and led to the rise of democracy and modern political ideas such as liberty, equality, and fraternity . 🏰 France Before the Revolution: Absolute Monarchy: King Louis XVI ruled France with complete power. He believed in the Divine Right of Kings. Social Structure (Three Estates): First Estate: Clergy – privileged and exempt from taxes. Second Estate: Nobility – also exempt from taxes and held top positions. Third Estate: Common people (peasants, workers, merchants) – paid all taxes and had no political rights. Economic Crisis: France was in heavy debt due to wars (especially helping the American Revolution). Poor harvests and rising food prices led to famine and anger among the poor. Tax burden was unfairly placed on the Third Estate. Ideas of Enlightenmen...