Political Science Notes By ARVIND SINGH

✦ Chapter 2: Constitutional Design (NCERT – Class 9, Democratic Politics) Overview In every democracy, rulers cannot govern arbitrarily. Their powers and functions are defined and limited by the Constitution , which is the supreme law of the land . The Constitution lays down the framework of governance, defines the rights of citizens, and sets limits on government authority. It embodies the values, principles, and aspirations of society. The study of constitutional design answers four crucial questions: Why do we need a Constitution? Who makes it? What values shape it? Can it be changed? 2.1 Democratic Constitution in South Africa South Africa provides an inspiring example of how a nation can move from deep social injustice to one of the most progressive democracies in the world. Nelson Mandela’s Struggle Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting racial oppression. He opposed both white and black domination and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for his fight...

  📘 Chapter-1: What is Democracy? Why Democracy? (NCERT Class 9, Democratic Politics-I) Descriptive Notes (Summary + Explanation) Objective Questions (MCQ, Fill-ups, True/False, Match) Subjective Questions (1, 2, 3, 4 marks answers) ✨ Descriptive Notes 📖 Definition Democracy = “Government of the people, by the people, for the people.” — Abraham Lincoln Derived from Greek word “Demokratia” : Demos = People Kratia = Rule/Power 🏛️ Features of Democracy Elected Rulers – Leaders are chosen through free and fair elections. One Person, One Vote, One Value – Every adult citizen has equal voting rights. Freedom – Citizens enjoy freedom of speech, expression, and access to information. Accountability – The government is responsible and answerable to the people. 🗳️ Types of Democracy Direct Democracy – People directly take decisions. (Ancient Athens) Representative Democracy – People elect representatives who decide on their behalf. (India) ✅ Merits...

📘 Democratic Politics – Part 1 Chapter – 1 : What is Democracy? Why Democracy? A. Objective Questions 1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ): (01 Mark each) i. Which party forms the government from China's parliament? (a) Chinese Communist Party ✔ (b) National Party (c) A.N.P. Party (d) People’s Party ii. Which of the following is a form of direct democracy? (a) Military referendum (b) Initiative ✔ (c) Recall (d) Parliamentary election iii. Which of the following statements is not true about China’s political system? (a) Multi-party election system (b) Independent media (c) Opposition party (d) All of the above ✔ iv. The voting age in India is: (a) 18 years ✔ (b) 21 years (c) 24 years (d) 26 years v. When did the military coup take place in Pakistan under General Pervez Musharraf? (a) 1996 (b) 1999 ✔ (c) 2001 (d) 1992 vi. "Democracy is government of the people, by the people, for the people." – by: (a) Abraham Lincoln ✔ (b) Winston Churchill...

Class 9 Political Science – Chapter 1: What is Democracy? Why Democracy? These notes are comprehensive, easy to revise, and exam-oriented, while being engaging and relatable for students. They include clear explanations, examples, and additional points to aid understanding and retention. Chapter 1: What is Democracy? Why Democracy? – Detailed Notes 1. Introduction to Democracy Imagine a school where students choose their class monitor, set classroom rules, and give input on activities. This is democracy —a system where power lies with the people. Today, democracy is the most widely accepted form of government because it gives citizens the right to choose their leaders and participate in shaping society. But what exactly is democracy, and why is it important? Let’s find out. 2. What is Democracy? Definition Simple Definition : A form of government where rulers are elected by the people through free and fair elections. Abraham Lincoln’s Definition : "Democracy is a gover...